A really interesting aspect of the talk was the perception of color related to evolution. I attempted to look up some more info on it and found the Munsell Color Science laboratory page 'Ask a Color Scientist' which answered a couple questions, why do we have color vision? what environmental factors encouraged the survival of individuals with color vision? Also this website they had a link to was interesting.
One of the answers that was interesting was that evolutionary advantages of sensing changes in illumination (that came along with the development of cones sensitive to a variety of wavelengths) was to better respond to changes in weather and time of day. Perception of red-green differences was advantageous to improving the ability to find ripe food, which usually varies in color from surrounding vegetation.
None of that really answers the question Miranda and Mario were asking, but I was wondering that too. It is just interesting to see the evolutionary aspect and maybe this info can be related to why color change based on background would be associated with our evolutionary perception of the world. Taking what Lotto said, that the association and what we do behaviorally with information we receive (retinal information or otherwise) is what is really important, then background affects color perception because the distinctions between vegetation and differently colored predators or food was behaviorally advantageous. I guess even though this makes sense to me it doesn't explain why similar colors will display differently depending on the background or why that is.
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